Original Article
One of the most useful smart connected devices for projects and applications on any scale is the Internet of things (IoT). IoT devices connect people with their surroundings and environment and can be on any branch of study whether it is medical, engineering, chemical, etc. With the Arduino UNO System, this research created a pilot Smart Air purification system that not only detects harmful pollutants, but also purifies the air. Researchers hoping to overcome some of the shortcomings of current air purifiers with the developed model, like overpricing, lack of data, and portability. The developed model has an onscreen real-time data analysis, a wide-range MQ 135 Sensor, and a four-step decontamination and sterilization process. As of the stage of testing, the pilot model showed satisfactory results in the process of detection, where it detected ammonia, carbon dioxide, Sulphur, and all the stated detectable pollutants, even alcohol. The filtration unit has also shown promise, but has not yet been developed into a fully operational system, and the results of the filtration system are based on statistical and theoretical research.
Keywords: UV-C, Arduino UNO, TiO2 (Titanium Dioxide), HEPA, MQ-135, Photocatalysis
Piper sarmentosum or also known as ‘kaduk’ in Malaysia, is one of the well-known plants with its ethnopharmacological benefits which have various biological activity such as antimalarial, antituberculosis, antioxidant and fracture healing properties. The objective of this study is to determine the cytotoxicity effect of hexane and ethanol P. sarmentosum extracts on human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSC). The isolated peripheral blood mononucleated cells were cultured in the complete medium for 14 days to observe the in vitro proliferation ability of the cells. The expression of stemness marker of the cells was then determined using RT-qPCR. The cytotoxicity of P. sarmentosum was determined by treating the hHSC using hexane and ethanol extracts. Trypan blue exclusion dye assay was used to evaluate the viability of hHSC. Proliferation graph showed significant increase for the number of viable cells for 14 days with activation of SLAMF1 gene. After 48- and 72-hours exposures, IC50 of hexane extract treatment were 96.6 μg/mL and 95.83 μg/mL, respectively, while hHSC treated with the ethanol extract showed IC50 of 168.38 μg/mL and 83.72 μg/mL, respectively. This showed that ethanol extract of P. sarmentosum possessed slightly higher cytotoxicity towards hHSC when compared to hexane extract. The results suggested that P. sarmentosum’s exhibit moderate cytotoxicity towards human’s cells, which can be further used in the cellular therapeutic approach.
Keywords: Piper sarmentosum; human hematopoietic stem cells; cytotoxicity; RT-qPCR
The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of Evening Primrose Oil (EPO) as an anti-ulcer agent following ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Thirty adult Sprague Dawley rats aged 8 weeks and weighed 250 ± 50 g were divided into 5 treatment groups with 6 rats in each group. All group rats were pre-treated with 0.9 % normal saline (Group 1), 200 mg / kg omeprazole (Group 2), 100 mg / kg EPO (Group 3), 500 mg / kg EPO (Group 4) and 1000 mg / kg EPO (Group 5). One hour after the pre-treatment, absolute ethanol (99.7%) was injected to induce gastric ulcer in all rats. All rats were culled and macroscopic examination was done on the stomach 1-hour post-ethanol injection. The stomach was weighed, examined using a magnifying glass and scoring of ulcer was given. There was no significant difference in the relative organ weight (ROW) of stomach observed in all group rats. Group 1 (0.9% normal saline) rats had the highest ulcer score with presence of ulcers and hemorrhagic streak which was not evidenced in all other group rats. This indicates the successful induction of gastric ulcer in the negative control group (Group 1). Group 2 (200 mg / kg omeprazole) and Group 5 (1000 mg / kg EPO) rats showed the lowest in the ulcer score indicating their anti-ulcer and protective effects against ulcer. This was also evidenced in all macroscopic examination. Group 2 (200 mg / kg omeprazole) and Group 5 (500 mg / kg EPO) rats also had the lowest ulcer index (risk of ulceration) and the highest percentage ulcer protection amongst all group rats. This indicates that EPO treatment at high dose (1000 mg / kg) is comparable to the standard treatment for gastric ulcer (omeprazole). In conclusion, this study shows that EPO treatment at high dose could reduce the risk of gastric ulcer if taken as a pre-treatment alternative medication and that EPO at high dose could be an alternative to the standard treatment used in the gastric ulceration. Further study has to be undertaken to evaluate the potential of EPO at high dose as anti-ulcer supplement.
Keywords: Evening primrose oil, gastric ulcer, peptic ulcer, ethanol-induced ulcer, anti-ulcer effects, protective effects against ulcer
This study was done to investigate the prevention of ethanol-induced ulcer of Eurycoma longifolia (E. Longifolia). E. longifolia aqueous extract was obtained from a commercialised product (Nu-Prep Lelaki). A total of 36 rats (n=6 for each group) which were separated into 6 groups were used in the present study. All rats were fasted from food for 24 hours prior to the pre-treatment. For pre-treatment, Group 1 (normal group) and Group 2 (negative control group) received 0.9% normal saline, Group 3 (positive control group) received 150 mg of ranitidine, Group 4 (low dose group), Group 5 (intermediate dose group) and Group 6 (high dose group) each received 250 mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg of E. longifolia respectively. Rats from Group 2, Group 3, Group 4, Group 5 and Group 6 were induced with ulcers by administration of 5 ml/kg of absolute ethanol an hour after the pre-treatment. The rats were euthanized an hour after ulcer induction. The stomachs were weighed and the degree of ulcerations was scored. The mean ulcer score for Group 2 was found to be the highest (3.83) followed by Group 4 (1.83), Group 3 (1.5), Group 5 (0.83), Group 6 (0.33) and Group 1 (0). The mean ulcer score of Group 2 is significantly higher (p<0.05) when compared to the mean ulcer score of other groups. Mean ulcer score of stomachs of rats from Group 5 and 6 scored lower when compared to Group 3 and this suggests that Group 6 with the highest dose is the most effective dose. The relative organ weight (ROW) of Group 2 was the highest (0.75%) and is significantly higher (p<0.05) when compared to other groups. This is followed by Group 1 (0.64%), Group 4 (0.59%), Group 3 and Group 6 scores the same (0.58%) and the lowest is Group 5 (0.56%). In conclusion, E. longifolia extract can be used to prevent gastric ulcers and is comparable to ranitidine. However, further studies should be done to elucidate the effects especially on histological evidence.
Keywords: Eurycoma longifolia, E. Longifolia, gastric ulcer, peptic ulcer, ethanol-induced ulcer, anti-ulcer effects, protective effects against ulcer
This review article should focus on the Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography (RRLC) has become an increasingly useful approach to achieve higher throughput, improve sensitivity and reduce costs.The potential of high−speed analyses by Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography (RRLC) on 1.8 μm porous particles packed into short columns operated at high flow rate was investigated and compared to the performance of 5 μm porous par-ticles packed into conventional colum. In order to display the practicality of RRLC separations, the isocratic analysis of pesticides and the gradient analysis. Often higher temperatures are employed to minimize system back-pressure. With the widespread adoption of RRLC comes the question of HPLC detector compatibility. The analysis time was reduced by a factor of 15, compared to the conventional method
Keywords: RRLC ,HPLC,Analysis
Even though numerous antibiotic approaches were suggested that, they can transform antibiotics, little is known about whether or not and how microbiological techniques may degrade antibiotics inside the surroundings. Methods: This work involves the Transformation of Tetracyclines using bacteria such as, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia. Coli. And characterized the biotransformation of tetracycline via that microorganism below various environmental situations. The biotransformation rate was the very best while the initial pH become 9 and the reaction temperature was at 30ºC which may be described by the usage of the Michaelis-Menten model underneath distinct preliminary tetracycline concentrations. Whilst the extra substrate turned into a gift, the substrate that triggered expanded biomass led to a decreased biotransformation rate of tetracycline. Results: Six feasible biotransformation products have been recognized, and a capacity biotransformation pathway turned into proposed that included sequential removal of N-methyl, carbonyl, and amine useful businesses. Conclusion: Results from this examination can result in a better estimation of the destiny and shipping of antibiotics to modified/transformed which will be having more advantages than that of existed forms.
Keywords: Tetracycline; biotransformation; hydrolysis; Staphylococcus aureus, E. Coli, transformation products
Research Article
Electro-reductive leaching of 18.1% Mn residues (tailings) generated after enrichment of raw manganese oxide ore deposits from the Chiatura region in Georgia was conducted in a non-diaphragm electrolyzer using an Fe3+/Fe2+ redox system as a mediator in a suspension with a limited concentration of Fe3+ (up to 3.5 g∙L−1). For regeneration of the Fe2+ reductant agent, the enhanced surface of an AISI 304 stainless steel mesh-cathode was chosen, which unlike the graphite felt electrodes (GFE-1) did not become clogged with solid silicates and sand particles. The apparatus, which was designed to ensure electro-leaching efficiency, consisted of a non-diaphragm electrolyzer with an intermediate tank, a peristaltic pump, and a compressor. The optimal conditions for the electro-reductive leaching process using a mesh cathode were as follows: i) a relatively low concentration of acid (16–20 g∙L−1 H2SO4 + 2.0 –2.5 g∙L−1 Fe3+; pH of 1), a liquid/solid ratio in the suspension of 0.08 kg/L, ii) taking into account the overall surface of the cathode, the current density ic=0.6A/dm2; A∙dm−2, and iii) intensive turbulence (boiling) of the suspension. Under these conditions, the Mn extraction rate was 96.0–98.1% and the current efficiency was 84.2–86.6%, while only 20–25% of the iron from raw material was transferred to the solution and its content did not exceed the limited concentration of 3.5 g∙L−1 Fe3+. Large-scale laboratory testing of electro-reductive leaching showed that the total specific electricity consumption for raw material processing was 3760.8 kWh∙t−1, and for electro-reductive leaching, the value was 586.8 kWh∙t−1. After electro-leaching, filtration, and drying, light brown solid stuff was obtained, which could be used for cement production as an additive.
Keywords: low-grade manganese oxide raw materials; electro-reductive leaching; redox system Fe3+/Fe2+; leaching efficiency, current efficiency
Original Article
Benzotriazole-based compounds with various outstanding bioactivities have become increasingly active in the field of medicinal chemistry. Importantly, some anticancer benzotriazole compounds such as vorozole and TBB have been clinically used. It can be reasonable to expect that benzotriazole derivatives will play remarkable roles in medicinal field. Methods: The in silico molecular docking and ADMET studies of the designed compounds were performed on binding cavity of Legumain using Schrodinger 2021-3. New mannich base derivatives of benzotriazoles (6a-p) were synthesized and these compounds were characterized by 1HNMR, 13CNMR and mass spectral data. These compounds (6a-p) were investigated for their anticancer properties towards four different human cancer cell lines by utilize of MTT method. Results: The IFD results are in agreement with those of XP docking studies, confirming the binding of the test compounds in the binding site of legumain. The predicted ADMET properties of compounds fall within the acceptable range. Most of the compounds were displayed good to moderate anticancer activities to compare with control drug. The compounds showed IC50 values range from 0.012±0.001 to 22.9±9.11 μM, and positive control showed values from 0.13 ± 0.017 to 3.08 ± 0.135μM. Among synthesized compounds, these 6a, 6c, 6e, 6f, 6j, 6n and 6p were demonstrated more potent anticancer activities than etoposide. Conclusion: Among all the synthesized compounds the compound 6a contain electron-donating (3,5-dimethoxy) group on the phenyl ring displayed highest anticancer activity on four cancer cell lines with IC50 values as MCF-7=0.012±0.001μM, A549=0.18±0.076μM, Colo- 205=0.34±0.083μM and A2780= 0.07±0.006μM, respectively.
Keywords: MCF-7, A549, Colo-205, A2780, Benzotriazole, In silico, ADMET and MTT Assay
Nebivolol hydrochloride (NBH) chitosan-PLGA loaded nanoparticles obtained using the nanoprecipitation/solvent displacement process in the present study, characterization by P-XRD, DSC, SEM, and FTIR analytical techniques. During the in-vitro drug release, ex-vivo permeation studies. The nanoparticles prepared to employ 150mg chitosan, 100mg PLGA, and 1:5 H2O: CH2Cl2 incorporated with NBH showed a high drug entrapment of approximately 94%, with an average particle diameter of 180.32 nm and zeta potential of −30.40±0.12 mV. The nanoparticles exhibited a sustainable drug release when studied for 60 minutes. The nanoparticles mentioned above were later formulated into a nanogel with the help of Carbopol 934 for transdermal application and subjected to ex-vivo permeation studies for 12 hours on excised rat’s skin. The optimized formulation subjected to studies in rats showed a considerable enhancement in bioavailability (3 folds) compared with the NBH oral suspension.
Keywords: Nebivolol hydrochloride, Nanoparticles, Carbopol 934, Nanogel, Bioavailability
The present paper evaluates total factor productivity growth and its components using Malmquist Data Envelopment Analysis for the period of 2009-10 to 2019-20. The data are collected from CMIE- PROWESS for the firms that are having sales more than Rs. 100 Crores based on the year 2009-10. Total of 96 firms were used for the analysis and are in-terms of rupees in Crores. Total sales, cost of raw materials, salaries and wages, cost of power and fuel, and cost of Advertising and marketing are used in the analysis. The analysis was carried out in four stages. In the stage- I, all the firms were included, in the stage II the firms which are less than Rs. 500 Crores are included, in Stage III the firms which are between Rs. 500 to 1000 Crores were included and in Stage IV the firms which are more than Rs. 1000 Crores has been included. It is evident from results that the year 2017-18 recorded highest TFP growth, which is due to technical efficiency. The year 2012-13 recorded the lowest TFP changes, which is due to technological changes. It is also evident from the result that negative TFP growth is reported most of the firms during the study period. The main reason for lowest TFP growth is due to technological change in Indian Pharmaceutical firms.
Keywords: Data Envelopment Analysis, Indian Pharmaceutical Industry, Malmquist index, total factor productivity, Technical Efficiency, Technological changes.
In this study, we evaluated the oral sub-acute toxicity study of ethanolic roots extract of Coleus vettiveroides on animal models. Methods:The sub-acute oral toxicity study was carried out as per OECD 423 guidelines. The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC). In sub-acute toxicity study, the oral dose (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) of coleus vettiveroides root extract was administered for 28 days to the three animals groups and their body weight, hematological, serum hepatic biochemical parameters were evaluated and compared to normal group by sacrificing all group animals. Results: Coleus vettiveroidestreated groups revealed neither mortality nor any significant changes were observed. The result indicates that the oral administration of ethanolic root extract of Coleus vettiveroides plant did not produce any significant toxic effect in albino wistar rats. Conclusions: The extract can be utilized safely for therapeutic use in pharmaceutical formulations.
Keywords: Sub acute toxicity, Coleus vettiveroides, hematology, liver
The study aimed to try to identify the effect of rapid freezing and thawing processes on the parameters of semen and sperm, interleukin-10 and the concentration of Almalone Dialdehyde (MDA), in addition to studying the effect of adding types of antioxidants, which included vitamin C to the sperm freezing medium, in reducing the negative effects resulting from the freezing processes. Rapid and dissolving in the sperm. The study included the use of Normozoospermic sperm, and the number of samples was 16 samples of semen samples. The mean age of both sperms was (29.2 ± 1.11 years). The study of the freezing time by calculating the parameters of the sperm in the sixth month after freezing and thawing compared to before freezing and thawing for samples of the subjects included in the study showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the percentage of sperms with progressive movement and the percentage of sperm viability and a significant increase ( P<0.05) in the averages of MDA concentration and no significant differences (P<0.05) in sperm concentration, percentage of normal sperm, circulating cells concentration and interleukin-10 concentration in the sixth month after freezing and thawing compared to before freezing and thawing. The results of the study showed that the use of sperm freezing medium (Sperm Freeze) added to the antioxidants of the type C vitamin led to significant differences (P<0.05) in the studied parameters of the sperm of the subjects included in the study, which led to a significant (P<0.05) increase in The percentage of sperms with progressive motility and the percentage of sperms viability and a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the rates of each of the concentrations of Malone Dialdehyde and the absence of significant differences (P<0.05) in each of the sperm concentration and the percentage of normal sperms and The concentration of circulating cells and the concentration of interleukin-10 when comparing their rates with the use of sperm freezing medium alone or before freezing. It is concluded from this study that the processes of rapid freezing and thawing of sperm have negative effects on the parameters of semen and sperm and the concentration of Malone Dialdehyde (MDA) Which leads to lower pregnancy rates and IVF technical success, and that the addition of antioxidants of vitamin C type to the medium of freezing sperm (Sperm Freeze) showed resistance to these negative effects reflected in a significant improvement in studied landmarks.
Review Article
Pressure Sensitive Adhesive (PSA) is a type of adhesive generally made from viscoelastic, sticky polymer chains, making it widely used as pads and ultra-thin coatings in medical applications. Some types of PSA materials are popular, one of which is silicon-based materials. Silicone is the commercial name for many silicon-based products. Technically, silicone (polysiloxane) is a polymer with the chemical formula [R2SiO]n, in which R can be any organic groups including methyl, phenyl, alkenyl, and hydrogen. Silicone PSA is increasingly used in medical applications such as in drug delivery systems in the form of transdermal patches. Silicone PSA offers excellent solubility and permeability for lipophilic drugs, but in some cases, it can be used in hydrophilic drugs. The use of PSA has proved to have some effects on transdermal patch preparations in accordance with the shape, design, and base used. Several studies indicate that PSA transdermal patches have such benefits as being able to control drug release both in vitro and in vivo, maintain the stability of a preparation and active substance, and provide the same effectiveness as that of a patch with other mechanisms.
Keywords: PSA (Pressure Sensitive Adhesive), Silicone, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), Transdermal Patch
Original Article
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans are opportunistic species responsible for clinical infection by producing biofilms. In the form of biofilm, they are more resistant to various antimicrobial agents. This study at to determine the biofilm activity of onchidiid slug extract against S.aureus, E.coli, and C.albicans. The microtiter broth method was used to measure the inhibitory and eradicating ability of S.aureus, E.coli, and C.albicans biofilms. In samples of onchidiid slug ethanol extract at a level of 1%, the S. aureus biofilm was inhibited by 63.89%. The MBIC value is at a level of 0.5%. The inhibitory activity on E.coli biofilm was 85% at 1%, with the MBIC value at 0.5%. Onchidiid slug ethanol extract samples also showed inhibitory activity on the C.albicans biofilm of 67.95% at a level of 1% with an MBIC value of 0.25%. The test results showed that extract could be developed as a new antibiofilm candidate for treating S.aureus, E.coli, and C.albicans biofilm infections.
Keywords: Onchidium typhae, antibiofilm, Onchidiid slug extract ethanolic
Research Article
This research studied the synthesis of chitosan (CS) membrane with the basic component of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from purple eggplant extract added with Cu2+ ions. The activity of the immobilized PPO in the CS- membrane was determined by the UV-visible spectrophotometer methods. The results showed that the membrane characteristics of CS-/PPO-Cu2+ purple eggplant extract: (diameter = 9 cm, thickness = 0.021 cm; PPO activity= 2,894.99 U). The performance of the membrane is designed as filtration with a dead-end system, with three times the filtration process, and ten times the use of a batch system membrane. The application of the CS-crude PPO- Cu2+ membrane was carried out on samples of artificial waste and textile waste solutions. The results achieved from the samples of artificial waste and textile waste, respectively, (the rejection = 68.77% and 63.69%; the conversion of phenol into catechol = 16.92% and 17.19% ; the conversion of phenol to quinone = 42.96% and 42.64%; flow rate = ±11 L/h and ± 5 L/h; membrane flux= 10,007.99 L/m2.h at a pressure of 1 bar; permeability= 300–1,000 L/m2.h.bar). The membrane lifetime is stable up to 8 times use from 10 times use.
Keywords: chitosan, membrane, polyphenol oxidase, purple eggplant extract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can damage telomeres and induce free radicals, causing cellular senescence. Chronic exposure to UVB rays causes skin aging. An anti-aging drug can be formulated with a delivery system such as SNEDDS. This is an isotropic mixture consisting of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant which rapidly forms a nanoemulsion when mixed with water. SNEDDS can be a good drug delivery system for protein drugs and drugs with low absorption rates. Topical drug delivery systems have the advantages of bypassing first-pass metabolism, avoiding discomfort risk of intravenous (IV) therapy, improving patient compliance, and increasing absorption and bioavailability because nanoemulsion-sized droplets can increase the release of poorly soluble drugs. In delivering drugs and active ingredients into the deep layers of skin, at the dermis, topical route of absorption increases the transport of hydrophobic compounds through the stratum corneum to the deeper layers of the skin and improves the skin availability. This article presents an overview of SNEDDS including its components, formulation design, characterization, potential effects for anti- aging drugs, and penetration as a topical route of delivery.
Keywords: SNEDDS, cosmetics, anti-aging, topical
Continuous ultraviolet-B (UV-B; 290-320 nm) irradiation can induce rapid expansion and toluidine blue O staining in epidermal cells surrounding the trichomes on the surface of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cotyledons. To directly evaluate the roles of these trichomes against UV-B irradiation, the trichomes were removed without affecting the growth of cucumber seedlings and the effect of UV-B irradiation over 7 days on the cucumber seedlings without trichomes was analyzed. After UV-B exposure for 7 days, the leaf area of the cotyledons, fresh weight of the aerial parts, and chlorophyll content of the cotyledons in the cucumber seedlings without trichomes were significantly lower than those in cucumber seedlings with trichomes. The cucumber seedlings without trichomes showed neither expansion nor toluidine blue O staining in the epidermal cells surrounding the trichomes after UV-B exposure for 7 days. Thus, trichomes on the surface of cucumber cotyledons protect the cucumber seedlings from UV-B-induced senescence. These trichomes may be necessary for UV-B-induced rapid expansion and toluidine blue O staining, namely, accumulation of polyphenolic compounds in the epidermal cells surrounding the trichomes on the surface of cucumber cotyledons. The trichomes may act as sensors to mediate the defense responses against UV-B irradiation in cucumber seedlings.
Keywords: cucumber, trichome, toluidine blue O, UV-B.
Original Article
One of the most useful smart connected devices for projects and applications on any scale is the Internet of things (IoT). IoT devices connect people with their surroundings and environment and can be on any branch of study whether it is medical, engineering, chemical, etc. With the Arduino UNO System, this research created a pilot Smart Air purification system that not only detects harmful pollutants, but also purifies the air. Researchers hoping to overcome some of the shortcomings of current air purifiers with the developed model, like overpricing, lack of data, and portability. The developed model has an onscreen real-time data analysis, a wide-range MQ 135 Sensor, and a four-step decontamination and sterilization process. As of the stage of testing, the pilot model showed satisfactory results in the process of detection, where it detected ammonia, carbon dioxide, Sulphur, and all the stated detectable pollutants, even alcohol. The filtration unit has also shown promise, but has not yet been developed into a fully operational system, and the results of the filtration system are based on statistical and theoretical research.
Keywords: UV-C, Arduino UNO, TiO2 (Titanium Dioxide), HEPA, MQ-135, Photocatalysis