Original Article
Establishing adequate retention of orthodontic fixed appliances onto the tooth surface is a major challenge that most orthodontists face throughout the course of therapy. A primerless system possesses various superior characteristics such as decreased working time and short curing time. It offers adequate bond strength as well, which is one of the most important properties. AIM: The purpose of the study is to prove that without using the liquid primer, we can get sufficient bond strength. The elimination of this step will save time and exposure to unpolymerized compounds. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty eight extracted human first premolars were mounted in plaster of Paris. The samples were categorized as follows GROUP I- Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive with primer, Group II- Ormco Enlight Light Cure Adhesive with primer, Group III- Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive without primer, Group IV- Ormco Enlight Light Cure Adhesive without primer. Each group consisted of seven samples. Brackets (0.022*0.028 in 3M UNITEK GEMINI) were bonded onto the premolars and shear bond strength testing was carried out using Instron testing machine. After testing, the samples were debonded and the tooth surface characteristics was studied under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to determine the adhesive remnant index(ARI). RESULTS: There was statistically significance in the shear strength between different groups, on comparison of Enlight with primer and other study groups, Enlight without primer and Enlight with primer, Transbond XT with primer and Enlight with primer, Transbond XT without primer and Enlight without primer. (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings did not show any significant difference while using Transbond XT with primer and without primer.
Keywords: Shear bond strength; Primer; Without Primer; Light Cure Composite
Carica papaya seeds contain flavonoid compounds, saponins, tannins, and anthocyanins that function as anti-hyperlipidemic. This study aims to determine the effect of giving nanosuspension C. papaya seed extract on reducing levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and an increase in HDL-cholesterol in hamster blood induced by high-fat feed. The animals carried out for testing were randomly divided into seven treatment groups, namely the standard group, the opposing group was only given high-fat flour, the positive group was assigned atorvastatin 2.42 mg/kg body weight, and three test groups were given consistent preparations of C. papaya seed extract at a dose of 2.4% each; 4,8%; 9.6% and the test group was assigned a trial of C. papaya seed extract of 240 mg/kg body weight. Activities the administration of test preparations is carried out for 14 days. Measurement of lipid propyl levels using a clinical spectrophotometer. Test data analysis using one-way ANOVA statistics. All doses of C. papaya seed extract nanosuspension preparations were significantly able to lower levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides, and increase HDL-cholesterol (p ≤ 0.05) compared to negative controls in hyperlipidemia hamsters. Dose 3 nanosuspension preparations (9.6%) were significantly able to lower levels of total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides and increase HDL-cholesterol levels (p ≤ 0.05) compared to negative controls and were comparable to positive controls of atorvastatin (p ≥ 0.05).
Monomers contain pyrrole and thiophene moieties and conjugated Schiff basses were synthesized. The study herein describes the electrochemical detection of some drugs, specifically paracetamol and metronidazole. Modification of electrodes with functional groups such as Schiff bases leads to improves sensitivity of the electrode to analytes. In this study, a glassy carbon electrode has, for the first time, been modified with poly(schiff bases) in acetonitrile containing tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) to detect paracetamol and metronidazole. The structures of prepared compounds were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Proton and Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electron Ionization Mass Spectroscopy. The electrochemical synthesis and redox state response in monomer-free electrolytes synthesized films have examined by using cyclic voltammetry. A voltammetric sensor based on a polymeric schiff bases film coated GC electrode was developed. The proposed electrode was appropriate for detection of paracetamol and metronidazole in pharmaceutical formulations.
Keywords: Schiff base, electroactive polymer, modified electrode, electrochemical sensors and cyclic voltammetry
Mercury contamination of aquatic systems is a global environmental health threat, and a monitoring program is useful for generating data that can be aggregated over a period of time for broad synthesis to determine the emergence of ecosystem characteristics that influence mercury bioaccumulation in fish.. Results: Total concentrations of (Hg) in water and fish were assessed across the Musayyib River/Euphrates which are sites identified by extreme gradients in habitat structure and water management. All databases were collected at concentrations (Hg) in 30 fish (Liza abu, Cyprinus carpio) from 10 sites in this region and were used to assess the temporal distribution of fish (Hg) across sites as well as the effects of different species and habitats. High exposure (Hg) sites were identified, and a relative estimate of fish component concentrations was made at the watershed scale that takes into account fish diversity in species, size, and site effects. Hg concentrations in fish muscle ranged from 0.01 to 38.4 g/g, with a geometric mean of 0.01. (0.27) , 40 percent of individual fish samples and 20 percent of the means by sites (0.50 g/g) exceeded the fish tissue standard. Conclusion: Mercury concentrations in fish were found to be correlated with water mercury concentrations at the watershed level, implying that factors affecting mercury production may be more important in determining fish exposure to mercury. It was suggested that as a result of fish exposure to mercury, the spread of mercury throughout the Musayyib/Euphrates River and all species and habitats of the type should consider an important role in influencing environmental mercury risks in aquatic ecosystems describe general environmental characteristics and has been used in the management of Iraqi water systems.
Keywords: Mercuy, Freshwater, Fish, Pollution of the Environment
This study was dealt with evaluation of antibacterial effectiveness of each (Azithromycin, Chloramphenicol Gentamacin, Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin) computationally as antibacterial agents. This study was conducted by computational methodologies ‘In silico’. The 3 dimensional (3D) structure model of DNA gyrase enzyme of Staphylococcus aureus was built by Homology Modeling method as target protein and the active site was visualized. The computational prediction showed molecule (Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin) has highest binding score (-45 Kcal/mol) ( -40 Kcal/mol) respectively with active site of target protein and molecules (Azithromycin) binding score were (-12 Kcal/mol) meanwhile molecule (Gentamicin and Chloramphenicol) showed lowest binding score (-10 Kcal/mol) (-8 Kcal/mol) respectively with target DNA gyrase of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria .
Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, DNA gyrase, Antibacterial agent, computational study
The treatment of polluted sites has become a priority for the community due to the increase in quality of life standards, the development of technology and awareness of environmental issues. Biological methods were chosen to treat these pollutants. The samples were collected from the central oil company, which is a polluted site with petroleum hydrocarbons,The analysis focused based on Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR technology before and after treatment and with ten primers to detect oil mutations due to contamination. The plants gave different genetic variations confirmed by the percentage of the genetic distance resulting from the analysis of the results of the RAPD indicators, which reached the highest 40% between the polluted and treated Alhagi graecorum plants. The current study proved the efficiency of activated carbon in the treatment of petroleum hydrocarbons .
Keywords: RAPD PCR in plant , Anti-Pollution, Crude oil
Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common hereditary blood clotting disease in humans.The three forms of VWD are hereditary, acquired, and pseudo or platelet type. VWD type 1 is the most common type of the disorder, with mild bleeding symptoms such as nosebleeds, though occasionally more severe symptoms can occur.The various types of VWD present with varying degrees of bleeding tendency, usually in the form of easy bruising, nosebleeds, and bleeding gums.[medical citation needed] Women may experience heavy menstrual periods and blood loss during childbirth. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess knowledge and awareness of treatment protocol with von willebrand's disease patients. Materials and methods: This is a cross sectional descriptive survey conducted among 126 dental undergraduates in chennai.This survey consists of 15 self administered questions. The survey was conducted through an online platform.the aim of the study is to assess the knowledge and awareness of treatment protocol of von willebrand's disease patients. Results: from the study,82.81 % are aware of treatment protocols of von willebrand disease and 17.19% are not aware of treatment protocols on von willebrand disease.70.31 % felt that desmopressin drug of treatment for von willebrand disease and 29.69% felt that desmopressin drug cannot be used for the treatment for von willebrand disease. Conclusions : awareness of treatment protocols for von willebrand's disease among dental undergraduates in chennai was evaluated. Extensive research and awareness programs can be conducted to bring awareness and practise for the new generation of medical professionals.
Keywords: Awareness, Bleeding disorders, Blood coagulation disorders, management of bleeding disorder, innovative technique
A thorough discipline is required for accurate placement of predictable esthetic restorations on anterior teeth which can result in unnecessary provision of an indirect restoration if correct protocols are not followed. Template technique can be proven to be easy for inexperienced beginner clinicians without requiring special skills in providing the patients with direct composite restoration. Aim: The aim of this study was to create awareness on the template technique in restoring esthetics in fractured anterior teeth. Materials and method: A well structured questionnaire was prepared consisting of 17 questions among dental students. The results were analysed using SPSS software version 23. Result and discussion: The data was subjected to descriptive statistics using SPSS software version 22. Each question of the survey was represented by a pie chart. The p value was 0.0015 when tabulated statistically in SPSS software.The template technique method is simple, quick and economic when compared to other invasive procedures. Conclusion: The survey conducted among dental students has shown that the students of dental school showed a moderate awareness on the use of template technique for restoring fractured anterior teeth. There is a need for better awareness of template technique and their benefits in creating simple and effective requirements for restoring anterior teeth.
Keywords: Esthetics, fracture, template, anterior teeth, Composite Resin, Anterior teeth
Passive smoking is the inhalation of smoke, called secondhand smoke (SHS), or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), by persons other than the intended "active" smoker. It occurs when tobacco smoke enters an environment, causing its inhalation by people within that environment, this study is conducted to identify knowledge and awareness of the passive among the selected population. Aim: To find the knowledge and awareness of hazards of passive smoking. Materials & Method: A survey was conducted among 100 randomly selected populations via google forms and it tabulated and correlated using the SPSS version 23. Result: Passive smoking is one of the most deadly and horrible causes of frequent death and breathing problems in the childrens and adult population. From the current study, we have identified that according to statistical analysis, males have better awareness and knowledge on passive smoking and secondhand smoking compared to the female population. Conclusion: From the current survey based study we can assume that the randomly selected population have a considerably sufficient amount of knowledge and awareness based on the occupation, age and gender. 62% of the responded population are aware of hazards of passive smoking, (p)=0.415>0.05 statistically not significant. Also a future study needed in a larger population as a census criteria worldwide.
Keywords: Carcinogens, Green synthesis, Eco friendly, Environmental tobacco smoke, Innovative technology, Nicotine, Passive smoking, Second hand smoke.
Long-term success of a root canal treatment is based on the nature of the material used as a root canal sealer. The main components of a root canal filling are as follows: A solid core material and a sealer. The most widely used core material is gutta-percha, which takes up the majority of canal area, while the root canal sealer covers the space between the core material and the dentin wall, the voids within the core material, and the accessory canals, as well as acting as a lubricant, allowing for a fluid-tight seal The aim of this study is to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of dental students about the various root canal sealants available for use in dentistry. Materials and methods: Questionnaire was prepared with the objective of finding out the knowledge on root canal sealers. This was shared online through google forms. The participants who undertook the survey were dental students from various colleges. They were encouraged to answer the set of 10 questions which majorly targeted awareness on root canal sealers. The results obtained were statistically analysed through SPSS software. Results: Majority,65% weren’t aware about different types of root canal sealers ,only 35% were aware. Only 32% were aware about ZOE sealers , it’s antibacterial activity, and adverse effects like cytotoxicity, irritation, solubility in oral fluids. 34% were aware of MTA based sealers in treating trauma. Only 19.4 % were aware about periapical repair ability of resin based sealers. 28.2% were aware that CH based sealers are the most biocompatible sealer. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study it has been observed that there is low to moderate level of knowledge and awareness on root canal sealers. Further awareness about different properties of individual sealers and its uses in treatment must be carried out to improve the knowledge as it helps us to perceive successful treatment procedures.
Keywords: root canal treatment; root canal sealers; awareness; knowledge and dental students, eco friendly and innovative technology.
Groundwater contamination is mainly associated with anthropogenic inputs (fertilisers, filling station, chemical industry, menagers waste). Analysis of physicochemical qualities of well water in the Boujniba mining region determines the concentrations of calcium, phosphates, ammonium, fluorides related to their pollution in groundwater. The calcium, ammonium, and phosphate contents were determined on 17 samples of well water, fountains, by spectrophotometric methods. The fluorine contents of the water were analyzed by the potentiometric reference method using the fluorine electrode. Physicochemical analyses of the calcium, phosphate, ammonium, and fluorine contents of well water for consumption by the population revealed contents between 80 and 144 mg/l, from 0 to 56.5 mg/l, 0 to 75 mg/l, and 0.02 to 6.39 mg/l, respectively. Phosphate, calcium, ammonium levels of the different well waters analysed present higher values to standard references. 50% of well water samples' fluorine levels reveal values above recommended standards for children and adults. High levels of fluoride in drinking water have repercussions on the onset of dental fluorosis in children. This study plays a vital role in determining the quality and its use for drinking water supply and the impact on human health. These results make it possible to warn the population of the risk of developing dental fluorosis by limiting the amount of fluoride ingested by the food consumed and taking hygiene and regular control measures.
Keywords: Fluorine; potentiometer; phosphates; calcium; water; fluorosis, Boujniba mining area
The synthesis conditions were studied and the physicochemical of block cordierite supports with a secondary Mn – coating for the preparation of CO oxidation catalysts were determined
Keywords: CO oxidation; manganese oxides; Cordierite - MnOx carriers; phase composition; specific surface
Dental implants are fixtures with subsequent restorations in the form of crowns and bridges placed in the location of missing teeth. Its care is of utmost importance, to prevent the accumulation of a legion of bacteria to form a slimy sticky layer called a biofilm. Biofilm formation on oral implants can cause inflammation of peri implant tissues, which endangers the long-term success of osseo-integrated implants. Prevention of biofilm formation is necessary to ensure the long activity of restoration. Commonly, surface coatings, dispersal agents, heat treatment, nano structuration and bacteriophage releasing materials are used. Material topography and composition have also been studied. This review was done to raise awareness about biofilms in dental implants and to analyze and compare the previous methods of prevention and recent advances in the field of biofilm formation.
Keywords: Biofilm, dental implants, titanium, Peri implant tissues, Periodontitis
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance has been a significant contributor to failure of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Once the resistance has occurred, combating it is extremely difficult given the presence of minority variants that may have selective advantage. Patient failing a cART regimen mostly have drug resistant mutations. Optimal and prolonged viral suppression has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of accumulation of resistant variants, hence prolongs duration of effectiveness of the regimen. Objective: To assess the virologic, immunologic, clinical and safety outcomes among patients on second-line cART and to describe the patterns of HIVDR mutations among these patients. Methodology: The study was a descriptive retrospective review to evaluate the outcomes and the drug resistance pattern of PLHIV among patients on second-line cART at HTAR, Klang, Malaysia. Results and discussion: A total of 47 patients were evaluated for outcomes on second line cART. Majority of them (76.6%) was changed to second-line due to treatment failure, 17% due toxicity and 6.4% had psychiatric symptoms. The median (IQR) viral load level decrease at 6 months to 20 (20-109) copies/mL from 20,022 (2208-123845) copies/ml at the time of starting second-line cART; the median (IQR) CD4 cell count at 6 months increased to 291 (220-497) cells/mm3 compared to the time of change 203 ((50-425) cells/mm3. At 6 months there was a significant mean increase of weight by 1.8 kg ± 5 (95% CI: 0.7- 4.9) (P = 0.01). Among patient with treatment failure, 42% (17/36) had drug sensitivity testing: 16.7% (3/17) had single class mutation, 70% (12/17) had double class mutation while 12% (2/17) had triple class mutations. Overall, 88% (15/17) had at least one resistant mutation. Conclusion: Assessment of outcomes of patients on second-line cART is necessary to ensure treatment goals are achieved and to safeguard the limited options of antiretrovirals available after second-line therapy.
Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), antiretroviral therapy (cART), CD4 cell, HIV drug resistance (HIVDR).
Nuclear medicine is one of the medical imaging modalities. It utilizes the use of radiopharmaceutical for the purpose of diagnostic or therapeutic for the patient. The term of radiopharmaceutical consists of two main components which are radionuclide and pharmaceutical. Radionuclide act as tracer which can be detected by the special camera while pharmaceutical often act as ligand to bring the radionuclide to the targeted organ. In this study, Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) which is a pharmaceutical that targeting kidney was being produced in the kit form by using freeze drying method to increase its stability and shorten its preparation time before radiolabelling. The DTPA kit is radiolabelled with the 99mTc (t1/2 = 6 hours) to form 99mTc-DTPA complex before injecting to the patient. Since this radiopharmaceutical is intended for the patient use, a thorough quality control must be done to ensure its safety and efficacy. Certificate of Analysis (CoA) of DTPA kit that was obtained from Quality Control Unit of Medical Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency proves the safety and efficacy of the kit to be legally supplied for the patient use.
Keywords: DTPA kit, Technetium-99m, Freeze drying, renal scintigraphy, pharmaceutical-grade
Original Article
The use of vancomycin in critically ill patients is always challenging due to the pathophysiological changes among this vulnerable group that may alter the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of vancomycin. Objectives: This study was designed to identify the patient’s factors or covariates that might influence the development of vancomycin population pharmacokinetic models and to determine the appropriate dosing regimen for critically ill patients. Methods: A literature search was conducted independently between 2 reviewers from PubMed and Ovid databases from its inception until November 2020. The data was extracted by one reviewer and was checked by another reviewer. Quality assessment was evaluated by using ROBINS-I assessment tool while Cronbach’s alpha was used for reliability between the 2 reviewers. Results and discussion: A total of 7 studies were included with 1 study identified by checking the references of included papers. All studies showed a significant reduction of objective function value (OFV) with P < 0.05 when body weight (BW) and creatinine clearance (CrCl) were included in calculating volume of distribution (Vd) and clearance (Cl) of vancomycin respectively in the final model. Loading and maintenance doses were recommended according to the CrCl, BW, age and CSF-albumin of the patients. Conclusions: The specific pharmacokinetic parameter of this population should be identified to allow more precise individualisation of vancomycin dosing for better efficacy and safety in the ICU setting. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) vancomycin should be performed to ensure better patient outcomes as well as to avoid vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.
Keywords: vancomycin; pharmacokinetic models; critically ill patients; dosing regimen