Research Article
The application of oil palm kernel shell (PKS) as an activated carbon is lately known an alternative and cheap energy. Unfortunately, it needs to activate the surface areas in order to increase the adsorption process. For this, the addition of chemical activator i.e., phosphoric acid is a must. This work aims to determine the properties of palm oil shell activated charcoal and its application for clarification of crude palm oil. The palm shell charcoal was calcined at 500 °C for 1-5 hours. Then, it was grounded become powder and sieved at 200 mesh. The palm shell charcoal was then activated by adding H3PO4 10% wt with ratio 1:4. The obtained palm shell activated charcoal was then characterized by FTIR, XRD, BET and SEM. The charcoal was then applied for clarified of crude palm oil and rotated at 400 rpm for an hour. The structure of palm shell activated charcoal found mesoporous structure with pore size 1.69 Å and surface area 116.587 m2.g-1. The obtained activated charcoal was dominantly hemicellulose and lignin with monoclinic rectangular structures. It was found the optimum concentration of PKS activated carbon for clarification of CPO was 5 wt% calcined at 80 °C.
Keywords: Palm kernel shell (PKS), Activated charcoal, Surface areas, Crude palm oil (CPO) clarification
Timely diagnosis of acetabular dysplasia helps patients to prevent undergoing the osteoarthritis and hip replacement procedure. Though there are various diagnostic procedures available to detect hip dysplasia, but the procedures are not accurate. The present study aims to unify the single mode of diagnostic technique that helps to identify the prevalence of hip dysplasia in asymptomatic patients in the Indian population. Materials and Methods: 200 asymptomatic patients were subjected to with Computed tomography scan with DICOM assistance. Various diagnostic techniques like Centre edge angle, Angle of sharp, Depth to width ratio, and Tonnis angle were taken for identifying the pathology. Results: Among the 200 asymptomatic patients, the center edge angle has detected the hip dysplasia with 11.5% highest accuracy, followed by tonnis angle 8 % of patients and 9.5% depth to width ratio and angle of sharp detected 9.5% respectively. The female population in the present study was more affected with the hip dysplasia using the diagnostic technique center edge angle 14%, 12% angle of sharp, 10% depth to width ratio, and 10% Tonnis angle. While in the prevalence male was 9% using center edge angle, 7% with angle of sharp, 9% depth to width ratio, and 6% Tonnis angle. Conclusion: Based on the present data centre edge angle was found to be a desired diagnostic tool for identifying the hip dysplasia with precision. Indian ethnicity was most prone to hip-associated pathology compared to the other population like 3.3 % in the Nigerian population and 3.8% in the United Kingdom. It was thought that female population was suspectable to critically ill hip pathology and the present study proved that, but the present study found that the prevalence of hip dysplasia was highly reported when compared to the similar studies done worldwide.
Keywords: Acetabular dysplasia, Arthroplasty, acetabulum geometry, Tonnis Angle , Hip dysplasia, Teardrop acetabulum, hip pathology , Osteoporosis
Proximal Femoral Geometry is subjected to wide range of ethnic variations. Various research article indicates that geometry of the proximal femur in the Indian population considerably differ from the European and American standard. The geometry of head, neck and the femoral stem is very essential in making of implants. Currently, arthroplasty components widely used in India are based on western standards, because of mismatched implant size there were several implications like joint congruence, micromotion, osteoarthritis, and tendinopathy. Materials and methods: Total 388 non - pathological hip joint X-rays collected from the Southern Indian population. The primary objective of the study is to measure proximal femoral geometry and compare the difference with various ethnic groups. Measurements like femoral head diameter, Neck width, Neck shaft angle, Femoral offset and Medullary canal diameter are calculated using Picture Archiving Communication System (PACS). Results: We have found the geometrically difference in proximal part of the femur in the south Indian population when compared with the geometries of femur worldwide. Furthermore, we have used sophisticated PACS system to measure the bony variations. The data femur will aid in fabrication of femur implants which will be precisely shaped and fit for the Indian population. Conclusion: The present study of the proximal femur in the south Indian population considerably differs from the dimensions of the Western ethnic population. The precise geometry of proximal femur helps clinicians to plan pre operative surgical procedure and also aid in development of proximal femoral hemiarthroplasty components which are suitable and fit for the Indian population
Keywords: Proximal Femur, Femoral head diameter, Anthropometry of Femur, Neck shaft angle, femoral implant, hemiarthroplasty.
Non -Synonymous polymorphism in the human MDR1 gene tend to decrease the transporter activity of the P-glycoprotein,a major efflux transporter of endogenous substrates and xenobiotics predominantly cytotoxic agents.Hence this study was determined to assess the effect of 2677 G>T genetic polymorphism of human MDR1 gene on the structure of P-glycoprotein. Methodology: Three dimensional structures of MDR variants were ab-initio model using iTASSER server and drug binding residues of transmembrane domain were predicted using Prankweb server. Substrate binding was analyzed by molecular docking using Autodock 4.2.6.Moreover, statistically significant difference was observed between the binding affinities of substrates to wild and mutant variants (One way Analysis of Variance, df=1, 95% CI). Results & Discussion: Here in, we have investigated the effect of 2677G>T/A non-synonymous polymorphism on substrate transport via human P-glycoprotein through in silico methods. Few molecular modelling studies of human P-gp have stressed the significance of Ser222, Phe303 and Phe343 in substrate conductance. Conclusion: The binding energy of P-gp substrates to the mutant (Ala893Ser and Ala893Pro) was found to be less than that of the wild type. Hence genetic testing of hMDR1need to be done before initiating therapy with cytotoxic and narrow therapeutic P-gp substrates.
Keywords: MDR1, Pharmacogenomics, P-glycoprotein, Polymorphism
Tramiprosate and luteolin are used as a means of treating Alzheimer's disease. Tramiprosate is a GABA-A receptor functional agonist due to this structure being similar to the GABA structure. Due to its tremendous antioxidant action, luteolin may be able to reduce the neurotoxicity of Aβ fragment 25-35 (Aβ 25-35) in the cortical neurons of mice. It has been widely established that neuroinflammation and glutamatergic excitotoxicity, which are linked to neuronal dysfunction and that they both contribute significantly to the onset and development of both locomotor and neurocognitive diseases. The goals of this work were to characterise and examine the physicochemical features of each solid form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), each of which can display distinct physicochemical characteristics.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, Gama Amino Butyric Acid, Amyloid beta, Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles
This research study aims to evaluate the isolation of Ficus carica pectin extraction, characterization and acute toxic studies. Pharmacognostic studies have been investigated on the ripened Ficus carica fruits using several micro-chemical tests. The fruits were washed, dried and extracted with 95% alcohol. The extract was detected for the identification of phytoconstituent pectin. The evaluation studies were conducted as an important prerequisite step for the determination of the physicochemical properties of the pectin. OECD guidelines are followed for acute toxic studies. The isolated pectin was light brown in colour, rough and odourless with characteristic rough fractures. The pectin was confirmed to have pH as slightly neutral, good flow properties, low moisture content, degree of esterification range was in between 55.6% -65.7 % ; the swelling index was found to be 450. The isolated pectin was characterized using NMR, XRD, FTIR and DSC tests which proved the chemical nature of the pectin is in pure form. No significant changes were observed in haematological parameters, behavioural symptoms, signs of mortality and histopathology studies, during acute toxic studies. The evaluation studies, parameters and results revealed that the extract from the Ficus carica fruit is a novel approach to get high yields of isolated pectin. It can be concluding that Ficus carica fruit pectin can be used as natural disintegrant in oral solid dosage form to prepare ODTs.
Keywords: Ficus carica, Fig, Natural Disintegrant, Pectin Extraction, Acute Toxicity
Indian manufacturing plants manufacturing for the United States should comply with the regulations of USFDA, Indian Pharmaceutical Industries are the major suppliers of generic drugs to the US Market. USFDA has the right to inspect manufacturing plants periodically to ensure manufacturing site compliance with the regulations. USFDA inspectors may issue form483 about their findings and unjustified observations may turn into Warning letters. Investigation failures and Insufficient corrective actions to Customer complaints, OOS and Deviations are grabbing more attention from USFDA auditors during their manufacturing site inspection and these observations were turning into form 483 and Warning letters for Indian Pharmaceutical Industries. A cross-sectional analysis was performed for the warning letters issued from 2010 to 2021 and all Warning letters issued from Indian Pharmaceutical Industries during the study period and the Data has collected from UDFDA publically accessible database. About 114 USFDA issued Indian Pharmaceutical industries warning letters 211 CFR citations & 595 observations were analysed and categorised based on the violation theme. Insufficient Corrective actions of Out of specifications, Consumer / Market complaint and deviation marks the primary reason for the issue of warning letters under cGMP non-compliance violation.
Keywords: CAPA, Deviation, Out of Specification, Customer Complaint, USFDA.
The article provides recommendations for the use of indicators such as Rd (light reflectance coefficient) and + b (yellowing rate) obtained in the HVI equipment of cotton fiber in order to control the color quality of the spun yarn. sorting has been developed to ensure the continuous production of spun yarns with constant quality indicators due to the minimum deviation of cotton fiber quality indicators, and recommendations have been made for the use of “SCI” (spinning index) value in cotton sorting and blending planning.
Keywords: cotton fiber, yarn, spinning index, spinning process, light reflectance coefficient.
This article has studied the possibility of production a rotor yarn of fibrous waste with a high content of short fibers. The effect of the fiber length and the diameter of the spinning rotor to capture factor of fibers, linear density and twist the stick-layer rotor yarn was researched. Experiments were carried out on the rotor spinning machine SCHLAFHORST AS-360. The results of the tests proved the possibility of obtaining high-quality rotor yarn of short fibers.
Keywords: fibrous waste, fiber, fiber length, rotor spun yarn, fiber capture ratio, twist
Transition metal oxides are apt materials for energy storage devices due to their high theoretical specific capacity, high thermal stability and abundance. The synthesis of mixed metal oxide (MMO) nanocomposites of Ce/Mo/Ti and characterization using UV, FTIR, field emission scanning electron microscopy and XRD to investigate the optical and structural properties. UV-Vis studies of the prepared nanocomposites show that the absorption is aspect to the transfer of electrons from the valence band to the conduction band. FTIR analysis confirms the presence of metal oxides by the corresponding metal oxide stretching vibrations. The particle size of Ce/Mo/Ti MMO nanocomposite is in the range of 10.93 nm – 48.95 nm and has uniform spherical particles from FESEM images. Cyclic voltammetric studies of Ce/Mo/Ti MMO shows that the calculated specific capacitance value is 143 F/g at pH 9 due to the uniform nanostructure.
Keywords: Nanocomposites, MMO, FTIR, UV-Vis, XRD, EIS, FESEM
Objective: This study was mainly designed to solve the drawback of conventional Nebivolol solid dosage form, low bioavailability and limited clinical efficacy, by preparing Solid dispersion. Methods: Nebivolol solid dispersionwas developed by kneading method to modify the release and enhance solubility of the drug. The physical state of the dispersed Nebivolol in the polymer matrix was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, super saturation solubility testing and dissolution studies. Optimized Nebivolol solid dispersions were formulated into tablets by direct compression method. Results: Compared with pure drug and physical mixture, the dissolution of Nebivolol - Solid dispersion was enhanced dramatically. Optimized Nebivolol solid dispersions tablet showed faster drug release in comparison to marketed tablet. Optimized formulation follows Higuchi’s equation and the release mechanism is super case II transport. Conclusion: The present study conclusively indicated that the use of solid dispersion method by using water soluble carriers improved the solubility of poorly water soluble drug.
Keywords: Solid dispersion, Nebivolol, Tablets, Optimization, Solubility enhancement
To investigation the effect of age, obesity, smoking, infections, varicocele, period of abstinence and liquefaction, sperm parameters. Patients and methods: The study was carried out between January 2022 and July 2022 which including (60) selected infertile patients who attended the fertility center in Al-Sadr Medical City-Najaf-Iraq. The Parameters for the semen analysis were analyzed and classified according to the WHO criteria (WHO, 1999). Patients should give their semen for analysis in the laboratory by masturbation. Results: The results showed that significant (P< 0.01) difference in semen volume, sperm concentration, progressive motility percent (A+B) and normal morphology in relation to age, body mass index and smoking, also the results revealed a significant (P< 0.01) reduction in semen volume, progressive motility (A+B) and normal morphology in leukocytospermia. The results in current study also showed a significant (p< 0.01) difference in Semen volume, sperm concentration and progressive motility (A+B) in relation to duration of abstinence, a significant (P< 0.01) decrease was noticed via 2-3 days compared to other groups of duration of abstinence, there was a significant (p< 0.01) decrease in sperm concentration, progressive motility (A+B) and normal morphology in varicocele positive, a significant (P< 0.01) decline in sperm concentration, progressive motility (A+B) and normal morphology was showed with group ≥30 minutes of Liquefaction time. Conclusion: Advance paternal age, obesity and smoking lead to a deterioration in sperm parameters and thus contribute as one of the causes of male infertility, also the infections, varicocele, period of abstinence and liquefaction time have a negative impact on the semen quality, which leads to decrease male fertility.
Keywords: age, obesity, smoking, infections, varicocele, period of abstinence, liquefaction time, semen, seminal fluid analysis, socio demographic factors
Reaction and condensation between 2-chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde and substituted coumarone to Produced chalcone, the derivative (3) was adopted as chalcone to react with different compound such as ethyl cyanoacetate, ammonia, urea, thiourea, phenylthiosemicarbazide, and hydroxyl amine hydrochloride to produced new ring of pyranone, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazole and isoxazole compounds (4,5,6,7,8,9) respectively, were identified their structure by infrared spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic and elemental analysis. Pharmaceutical applications have been studied for the prepared compound and achievement with different drugs.
Keywords: Polycyclic chloroquinolines, pyrimidines, coumarin, pyranone, isoxazoles
Jatropha oil is an oil that obtained from a plant known as Jatropha Curcas. This oil is used as a feedstock due to readily available in nature and will be less expensive compared to another feedstock. In this study, green diesel was produced through deoxygenation of Jatropha oil catalysed by Co15%-La25% bimetallic with activated carbon supported. These activated carbons were obtained through the calcination of the death tree before synthesized it through phosphorylation by mixing it with phosphoric acid for 12 hours at 160 oC before dopping it with Lanthanum and Cobalt metal through wet impregnation method. The physico- chemical properties of the prepared catalyst were characterized by using Fourier- transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction(XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), gas chromatography flame ionization detector(GC-FID) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry(GC-MS). The effect of catalyst loading , reaction time , and reaction temperature on deoxygenation of Jatropha oil were investigated. The thermal properties from TGA show that the catalyst was stable up to 500oC. The catalyst demonstrated a superior catalytic performance in deoxygenation reaction under optimal condition (5% catalyst loading, 3 hours and 350 oC), 80 % conversion of Jatropha oil to green diesel was achieved in 3 hours. Reusability test of the catalyst was examined and results showed that the synthesized catalyst could be reused up to 4 times with maintaining Jatropha oil conversion at above 50 %. In nutshell, the Co15%-La25% bimetallic with activated carbon support catalyst is recyclable, reusable and can be used to produced green diesel via deoxygenation of Jatropha oil.
Keywords: Cobalt, deoxygenation, decarboxylation/decarbonylation, green diesel, lanthanum
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace metal and acts as cofactor in many cellular enzymes. But excessive concentration of the Mn is potentially toxic resulting in several disorders. Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory activity ,The present study was designed to evaluate the role of Astaxanthin in disorder causes by toxic effects of manganese chloride (MnCl2 .4H2 O) exposure on marker biochemical parameters, of thyroid gland and enzymatic antioxidant (Superoxide dismutase enzyme SOD, Catalase CAT , Glutathione GSH and Malondialdehyde MDA) in rats. Adult male rats were randomly divided into three groups. In group 1, the rats were treated with vehicle (1 ml distill water) and served as control. The rats in group 2 were treated with MnCl2(50 mg/kg b.wt./day)and Astaxanthin 50 mg/kg b.wt./day) for 30 days The results showed Serum levels of The thyroid hormones, 3,5,3′-triiodotyronine (T3) , and its precursor, namely the “prohormone” thyroxine (T4), significantly decreased in group 2 which treated with MnCl2, and thyroid stimulating hormone TSH increased but normal level T3,T4,TSH in G3 , and thyroid stimulating hormone TSH increased but normal level T3,T4,TSH in G3 . The results showed Serum levels of The (SOD,CAT, GSH) significantly decreased and while MDA increase in group 2 which treated with MnCl2 and Serum levels of The (SOD,CAT, GSH significantly increased and while MDA decrease in group 3 which treated with MnCl2+Astaxanthin. Taken this data suggest that MnCl2 exposure has adverse impact on the functions of thyroid gland, antioxidant level in serum and astaxanthin reduces the damage of thyroid gland caused by MnCl2 and scavenge free radicls by disrupting free-radical chain reaction.
Keywords: Astaxanthin , manganese chloride ,antioxidants , T3,T4.
Gold nanoparticles[AuNPs] were highly used recently in many therapeutic approaches and medical applications, a few is known about the effects of those nanoparticles on testis histology in animal model. Materials and methods: Thirty five healthy male adult albino rat Rattus norvegicus aged 10-12 week old with 200-230 body weight were used in the current study. Rats were randomly grouped into three groups: first group given distilled water, second group given 40mg/kg body weight of gold nanoparticles, third group given 80 mg/kg body weight of gold nanoparticles; for all the administration done orally for 60 days. After the 24 of administration animals were sacrificed and their blood was blood was withdrawed, serum obtained for the doing of hormonal assay by using ELIZA kits provided from Elabscience USA. For evaluation the level of Leutinizing hormone, Follicle Stimulating hormone, Testosteron and Estradiol. Results: Results were explained that low doses of gold nanoparticles for 30 days have less significant than the exposure for 60 days which were indicated that there was a decrease in the levels of (T,LH, FSH.)and increased Estradol hormone causing hyper aromatase syndrome , and there were an increase in ROS levels as a result of oxidative stress. Conclusion: Our present study indicated that a dose of 80mg\kg of body weight of gold nanoparticles could cause a deleterious toxic effects on the testicular structure more prevalently than the dose of 40 mg\kg of body weight,referring that low doses could cause less toxic effects and dose related toxicity.
Keywords: Gold nanoparticles, reproductive hormones, male, rat, estradiol, testosterone, LH,FSH
A series of 3, 6 di substituted-7-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one derivatives (Chromone Biheterocycles) were synthesized and their structures were established on the basis of modern analytical techniques (1HNMR, 13CNMR and HRMS). All the synthesized compounds were tested for their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Among the 21 Synthesized derivatives, Pyrazole linked benzopyran-4-one derivative Compound 7s (IC50= 23.14), Imidazole linked benzopyran-4-one derivatives Compounds 7g (IC 50= 17.52) and 7k (IC50= 19.68) have significant anti-inflammatory activity in comparison with the Diclofenac as control standard (IC50= 16.23). Further demonstrated the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity for the compounds 7g (2 IC50= 13.5) and 7k (2 IC50= 17.1) using TNF-α ELISA based assay in comparison with the Infliximab (IC50= 12.9) as control standard. Animal experiments were carried out to find the in-vivo efficacy of compound 7g through carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay method. The results demonstrated that Compound (7g) had significant anti‐inflammatory activity at doses of 50 and 75 mg/kg, had the best significant reduction and inhibition of edema with 82.28, 88.61% and 84.34, 91.57% at third hour and fourth hour respectively, and similar as compared with standard drug Diclofenac 50 mg/kg body weight (p < 0.05). Molecular docking interactions of Compound 7g with TNF-α (2AZ5) using glide protocol of Schrodinger suite revealed best possible pose with a dock score of 9.6. Altogether, our findings suggest that Compound 7g is a promising anti-inflammatory drug candidate, in the management of inflammation and pain conditions.
Keywords: Chromones, Imidazole, Pyrazole, Anti-inflamatory activity.